Superinsulators, Bose Metals and High-Tc Superconductors: The Quantum Physics of Emergent Magnetic Monopoles

In 1931 Dirac showed that topologically quantized single magnetic charges, magnetic monopoles, while classically forbidden in a gauge theory, are allowed alongside electric charges in a quantum theory of electromagnetism. Such topological magnetic excitations are indeed admitted in the spectrum of most grand unified field theories of elementary interactions. Despite 40 years of dedicated search efforts, nonetheless, they have never shown up in any experiment. This, however, does not preclude the possibility of topological magnetic monopoles being realized as excitations in emergent condensed matter states, where they would be much lighter and easier to create.This book is about the physical effects of such emergent magnetic monopoles. These range from a new mechanism for local, strong pairing of electrons possibly relevant for high-T superconductivity, to the formation of a new quantum phase of matter when monopoles condense. In such a condensate the electric interaction becomes extremely strong, so much so that only extended neutral states survive, with the consequence of an infinite resistance, even at finite temperatures. This state, called a superinsulator, is a dual superconductor and has been experimentally detected in various materials. In a superinsulator the electric interaction becomes analogous to the strong interaction holding quarks together in colour-neutral hadrons. Even more interesting is the case when the condensate carries both magnetic and electric charge. The ensuing state has properties that are strikingly reminiscent of the mysterious pseudogap state of high-T superconductors. Magnetic monopoles might thus have been hiding in plain sight where no one was looking for them for a long time.Contents:IntroductionGauge Theories and Magnetic Monopoles: A First Encounter with SuperinsulatorsGauge Theories in (2+1) Dimensions: The Chern–Simons TermLattice Chern–Simons TermSaddle Points, Topological Excitations and InstantonsEffective Chern–Simons Gauge Theories of Emergent Condensed Matter SystemsThe Superconductor-to-Insulator TransitionEffective Field Theory of the SIT Tricritical PointThe Nature of the Phases in the Vicinity of the SIT Tricritical PointBose Metals, A.K.A. Bosonic Topological InsulatorsJosephson Junction ArraysFractional Bose MetalsSymmetry Classification of Superinsulator ExcitationsThree Dimensions: A Gauge Theory for VorticesGauging SpinDyons and the θ-TermThe Electric Meissner Effect, Antiscreening and Confining StringsElectric Pions and Asymptotic FreedomOblique Superinsulators, Strong Superinsulators and High-Tc SuperconductivityReal-Space Electron Pairing by Magnetic MonopolesMagnetic Monopoles in Loop-Currrent Mott InsulatorsInterplay of Disorder, Topology, and Interactions: Endogenous vs. Exogenous DisorderSynthesisReadership: This book is mainly designed for an academic readership at the professorial and graduate student level. It is written for theoretical physics professionals in the quantum field theory/high energy and theoretical condensed matter communities but is accessible to experimental condensed matter physicists with a strong theoretical background. It could be used for a graduate course on emergent magnetic monopoles and/or the superconductor-to-insulator transition. Read more